Inventory of Internationally shared Aquifers

Field Name | Slovenia | Croatia
id | 1 | 2
set | 1 | 1
Aquifer ID | 1 | 1
Aquifer name | Secovlje-Dragonja/Dragonja | Secovlje-Dragonja/Dragonja
Countries | Slovenia, Croatia | Slovenia, Croatia
Country Name | Slovenia | Croatia
Aquifer Type | Karst | Karst
Boundaries Length (km) | 21 | 21
Area Population (inh) | 6 | N/A
Altitude low (m) | 6 | N/A
Altitude high (m) | 450 | N/A
Topography description | hilly area, E-W orientation of the main river flow and catchment. | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 1120 | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | "average precipitation on the sea coast: 980 mm (range: 700 | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | 1 | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | 50 | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | 10 | N/A
Water use Urban | 1 | 1
Water use Irrigation | 0 | 0
Water use Industrial | 0 | 0
Water use description | Provides part of regional drinking water supply for the town of Piran | Drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | Tourism and transport | Communities
Quantity Problems | None | None
Quality Problems | Pollution from urbanisation and traffic | Local, moderate pathogens
Transboundary Impacts | None | None
Management Measures | Pumping station disconnected from water supply system | Existing protection zones
Needs | Delineation and enforcement of drinking water protection zones | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwater and monitoring
Future Trends | |
Notes | | Transboundary groundwater under consideration but not approved
Policy Bilateral agreements | 1 | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | 1 | N/A
range | 0 | 0
tilt | 0 | 0

Field Name | Croatia | Slovenia
id | 3 | 4
set | 1 | 1
Aquifer ID | 2 | 2
Aquifer name | Mirna-Istra | Mirna-Istra
Countries | Slovenia, Croatia | Slovenia, Croatia
Country Name | Croatia | Slovenia
Aquifer Type | Karst | Karst
Boundaries Length (km) | 26 | 26
Area Population (inh) | N/A | N/A
Altitude low (m) | N/A | N/A
Altitude high (m) | N/A | N/A
Topography description | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A
Water use Urban | 1 | 1
Water use Irrigation | 0 | 0
Water use Industrial | 0 | 0
Water use description | Drinking water supply | Drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | None | Sparsely populated
Quantity Problems | None |
Quality Problems | None |
Transboundary Impacts | |
Management Measures | Existing protection zones |
Needs | |
Future Trends | |
Notes | Transboundary groundwater under consideration, but not approved | Not clear which groundwater systems in both countries correspond to each other, delineation of transboundary groundwaters by common research and bilateral expert group decision is needed
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | N/A
tilt | 0 | 0

Field Name | Croatia | Slovenia
id | 5 | 6
set | 1 | 1
Aquifer ID | 3 | 3
Aquifer name | Opatija | Opatija
Countries | Slovenia, Croatia | Slovenia, Croatia
Country Name | Croatia | Slovenia
Aquifer Type | Karst | Karst
Boundaries Length (km) | 21 | 21
Area Population (inh) | N/A | N/A
Altitude low (m) | N/A | N/A
Altitude high (m) | N/A | N/A
Topography description | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A
Water use Urban | 1 | 1
Water use Irrigation | 0 | 0
Water use Industrial | 0 | 0
Water use description | Drinking water supply | Drinking water
Pressure Factors | None | Main highway from Trieste to Rijeka
Quantity Problems | None |
Quality Problems | Local problems with salinity |
Transboundary Impacts | |
Management Measures | Existing protection zones | Protection zones of karst source Rizana
Needs | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwater systems and monitoring |
Future Trends | |
Notes | Transboundary groundwater under consideration, but not approved | Not clear which groundwater systems in both countries correspond to each other, delineation of transboundary groundwaters by common research and bilateral expert group decision is needed
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | N/A
tilt | 0 | 0

Field Name | Croatia | Slovenia
Aquifer name | Rijeka | Rijeka
Country Name | Croatia | Slovenia
Area Population (inh) | N/A | N/A
Altitude low (m) | N/A | N/A
Altitude high (m) | N/A | N/A
Topography description | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A
Water use description | Drinking water supply | Local drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | None, very scattered population | Main road from Ljubljana to Rijeka
Quantity Problems | None |
Quality Problems | Occasional bacteriological pollution |
Transboundary Impacts | None |
Management Measures | Existing protection zones |
Needs | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring |
Notes | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved | Not clear which groundwater systems in both countries correspond to each other, delineation of transboundary groundwaters by common research and bilateral expert group decision is needed
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | N/A

Aquifer name | Cerknica/Kupa | Cerknica/Kupa
Countries | Croatia, Slovenia | Croatia, Slovenia
Area Population (inh) | 286 | N/A
Altitude low (m) | 115 | N/A
Altitude high (m) | 700 | N/A
Topography description | "the mountains in the S lie 700 m asl. the river | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 1.375 | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | "1,800 mm/y in the S part of the basin 950 mm/y in the N part of the basin " | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | 280 | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | 101 | N/A
Water use description | "87 locations of underground water abstractions for water supply, with installed capacity of 3,192 l/s hydroelectric power plants with 139 m3/s 18 fish farms with total of 1,425 ha 40 locations for recreation 11 thermal and mineral water abstractions 58 mills and saw mills no future projections" | Local drinking water supply, first karst spring of the Ljubljanica River (a karstic river with 7 surface and 6 underground stretches)
Pressure Factors | None | None, sparsely populated, forested with some extensive agriculture
Quantity Problems | None | None
Quality Problems | None | None, good chemical status
Transboundary Impacts | None | None for quantity or quality
Management Measures | Need to establish protection zones | None
Needs | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring | "Not t risk. It is unclear which groundwater systems in the two countries correspond to each other, delineation of transboundary groundwater systems needs common research and bilateral decision to propose a transboundary groundwater, if appropriate "
Notes | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved |
Policy Bilateral agreements | 0 | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | 1 | N/A

Field Name | Slovenia | Croatia
Aquifer name | Radovic-Metlika/Zumberak | Radovic-Metlika/Zumberak
Country Name | Slovenia | Croatia
Water use description | Drinking water supply to the town of Metlika (captured source Metliski Obrh) | Dominantly drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | Agricultural activities | None
Quantity Problems | None | None
Quality Problems | Excessive pesticide content | None
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | None
Management Measures | None | Need to establish protection zones
Needs | It is unclear which groundwater systems in the two countries correspond to each other, delineation of transboundary groundwater systems needs common research and bilateral expert group decision to propose a transboundary groundwater, if appropriate | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring
Notes | | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved

Aquifer name | Bregana-Obrezje/Sava-Samobor | Bregana-Obrezje/Sava-Samobor
Countries | Croatia, Slovenia | Croatia, Slovenia
Aquifer Type | Alluvial | Alluvial
Area Population (inh) | 2 | N/A
Altitude low (m) | 79 | N/A
Altitude high (m) | 130 | N/A
Topography description | "pannonian, flat terrain 130 m asl at Slovenian border 130 m asl at Zagreb 82 m asl at Slavonski Brod 79 m asl at Serbia & Montenegro border " | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 825 | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | "1,000 mm in the E 650 mm in the W autumn and spring maxima continental climate " | N/A
Water use description | Dominantly drinking water, and some industry | Local drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | Agriculture, waste disposal from communities extraction of river gravel and river regulation | Surface water hydro-electric power schemes and associated river regulation on the Sava, transport routes
Quantity Problems | Changes in groundwater level detected | None
Quality Problems | Hydrocarbons - oils and occasionally nitrogen, iron and manganese | None, chemical status good
Transboundary Impacts | From hydropower plants and extraction of gravel | None
Management Measures | Existing protection zones | None
Needs | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring | It is unclear which groundwater systems in the two countries correspond to each other, delineation of transboundary groundwater systems needs common research and bilateral expert group decision to propose a transboundary groundwater, if appropriate
Notes | "Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved Provides approx 1 m3/s supply to Zagreb by bank filtration " | Very small part in Slovenia
Policy Bilateral agreements | 1 | N/A

Field Name | Slovenia | Croatia
Aquifer name | Bizeljsko/Sutla | Bizeljsko/Sutla
Country Name | Slovenia | Croatia
Aquifer Type | Alluvial | Alluvial
Water use description | Drinking water | Local drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | None | None
Quantity Problems | None | Local lowering of groundwater levels detected
Quality Problems | None, good chemical status | No data
Transboundary Impacts | None | Indications that water supply abstraction for Pod?etrtek impacts on groundwater levels
Management Measures | None | None
Needs | It is unclear which groundwater systems in the two countries correspond to each other, delineation of transboundary groundwater systems needs common research and bilateral expert group decision to propose a transboundary groundwater, if appropriate | Need for coordination between areas on both sides - agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring
Notes | Area uncertain | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved

Aquifer name | Dolinsko-Ravensko/Mura | Dolinsko-Ravensko/Mura
Aquifer Type | Alluvial | Alluvial
Boundaries Length (km) | N/A | N/A
Water use description | | Drinking water supply of town Murska Sobota, local water supply systems
Pressure Factors | | Intensive agriculture, pan European transport corridor
Quantity Problems | | Degradation of the Mura River due to river regulation and hydropower schemes
Quality Problems | | Nitrate, pesticides
Transboundary Impacts | | None
Management Measures | | None
Needs | | "At risk Delineation of transboundary groundwater systems needs common research and bilateral expert group decision to propose a transboundary groundwater, if appropriate "
Notes | According to existing data, no transboundary groundwater is recognised | Probably only part of the Dolinsko-Ravensko groundwater system is relevant

Field Name | Croatia | Hungary
Aquifer name | Mura | Mura
Countries | Croatia, Hungary | Croatia, Hungary
Country Name | Croatia | Hungary
Water use description | | >75% drinking water, <25% each for industry, irrigation and livestock, maintaining baseflow and support of ecosystems
Pressure Factors | | Agriculture and settlements (fertilisers, pesticides, sewage, traffic), groundwater abstraction
Quantity Problems | | Local and moderate (at settlements) increased pumping lifts, reduced yields and baseflow, degradation of ecosystems
Quality Problems | | Local but severe nitrate from agriculture, sewers and septic tanks at up to 200 mg/l, pesticides at up to 0.1
Transboundary Impacts | | None
Management Measures | | Groundwater abstraction management used and effective, transboundary institutions, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones, treatment need improvement, vulnerability mapping, regional flow modelling, good agricultural practices and priorities for waste water treatment, integration with river basin management need to be introduced
Needs | | Evaluation of the utilisable resource
Future Trends | | Exporting drinking water
Notes | |

11.Drava/Drava West
Field Name | Hungary | Croatia
Aquifer name | Drava/Drava West | Drava/Drava West
Countries | Hungary, Croatia | Hungary, Croatia
Country Name | Hungary | Croatia
Water use description | >75% drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock | Local drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | Agriculture (fertilisers and pesticides), sewage from settlements, traffic, gravel extraction under water in open pits | Extraction of sand and gravel under water in pits
Quantity Problems | Local increases in pumping lifts, reduction of borehole yields and baseflow and degradation of ecosystems | Changes in groundwater levels detected
Quality Problems | Widespread but moderate nitrate at up to 200 mg/l from agriculture, sewers and septic tanks, pesticides at up to 0.1 | No data
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | None
Management Measures | Groundwater abstraction management used and effective, transboundary institutions, monitoring, protection zones need improvement, vulnerability mapping, regional flow modelling, good agricultural practices and priorities for waste water treatments integration to the river basin management, protection of open pit areas need to introduced | None
Needs | Evaluation of the utilisable resource | "Probably not at risk Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring "
Future Trends | Exporting drinking water |
Notes | | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved

12.Baranja/Drava East
Field Name | Croatia | Hungary
Aquifer name | Baranja/Drava East | Baranja/Drava East
Countries | Croatia, Hungary | Croatia, Hungary
Country Name | Croatia | Hungary
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 1.5 | N/A
Water use description | "25-50% drinking water <25% irrigation <25% thermal spa " | >75% drinking water, >25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock, maintaining baseflow and spring flow
Pressure Factors | None | Agriculture (fertilisers and pesticides), sewers and septic tanks, traffic
Quantity Problems | None | Local and moderate increases in pumping lifts, reductions in borehole yields and baseflow
Quality Problems | Naturally-occurring iron at 1-4 mg/l and arsenic at up to 500 | Widespread but moderate nitrate at up to 200 mg/l, local and moderate pesticides at up to 0.1 ?g/l, widespread but moderate arsenic at up to 50 ?g/l
Transboundary Impacts | None | None for quantity or quality
Management Measures | Vulnerability mapping, then good agricultural practices and priorities for wastewater treatment, integration into river basin management, and need to establish protection zones | Control of groundwater abstraction by regulation used and effective, transboundary institutions, water use efficiency, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones, effluent treatment and data exchange need improvement, vulnerability mapping, regional flow modelling, better agricultural practices, priorities for wastewater treatment, integration with river basin management and arsenic removal need to be applied
Needs | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring | Joint monitoring (mainly quantitative) and joint modelling is needed
Future Trends | | Evaluation of the utilisable resource, status of groundwater quality
Notes | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved |

13.West Serbia/Backa/Sava
Field Name | Serbia | Croatia
Aquifer name | West Serbia/Backa/Sava | West Serbia/Backa/Sava
Countries | Serbia, Croatia | Serbia, Croatia
Country Name | Serbia | Croatia
Boundaries Length (km) | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 850 | 825
Mean annual Rainfall Description | Total annual rainfall: 700 -1,000 mm | "1,000 mm in the E 650 mm in the W autumn and spring maxima continental climate "
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | 0
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | 0
Water use description | 50-75% drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock | Dominantly drinking water
Pressure Factors | Abstraction | None
Quantity Problems | Local increase in pumping lifts and reduction in borehole yields | None
Quality Problems | Widespread naturally-occurring arsenic at 10-80 | No data, but probably naturally-occurring iron at 1-4 mg/l and arsenic at up to 500
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | No
Management Measures | Existing quantity and quality monitoring need to be improved, other management measures needed |
Needs | |
Notes | |
Policy Bilateral agreements | 1 | 1
Policy Regional agreements | 1 | N/A

14.Sava/Posavina I
Field Name | Bosnia & Hertzegovina | Croatia
Aquifer name | Sava/Posavina I | Sava/Posavina I
Countries | Croatia,B&H | Croatia,B&H
Country Name | Bosnia & Hertzegovina | Croatia
Area Population (inh) | N/A | 2
Altitude low (m) | N/A | 79
Altitude high (m) | N/A | 130
Topography description | N/A | "pannonian, flat terrain 130 m asl at Slovenian border 130 m asl at Zagreb 82 m asl at Slavonski Brod 79 m asl at Serbia & Montenegro border "
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | 1.375
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | "1,800 mm/y in the S part of the basin 950 mm/y in the N part of the basin "
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | 280
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | 101
Water use description | "87 locations of underground water abstractions for water supply, with installed capacity of 3,192 l/s hydroelectric power plants with 139 m3/s 18 fish farms with total of 1,425 ha 40 locations for recreation 11 thermal and mineral water abstractions 58 mills and saw mills no future projections" | Drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | Wastewater, industry and agriculture | Agriculture
Quantity Problems | None | "None "
Quality Problems | None | Naturally-occurring iron at 1-4 mg/l and arsenic at up to 500
Transboundary Impacts | None | No data
Management Measures | Sava Commission. Abstraction management, quantity and quality monitoring, protection zones and agricultural measures are used but need improvement, water use efficiency and wastewater treatment are needed or planned | Existing protection zones
Needs | |
Notes | In lower aquifer (depth 90 to 115 m), naturally-occurring iron is <0.7 mg/l |
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | 0
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | 1

Field Name | Croatia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Aquifer name | Kupa | Kupa
Countries | Croatia, B&H | Croatia, B&H
Country Name | Croatia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Topography description | "the mountains in the S lie 700 m asl. the river | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | 1050
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | "1,200 mm/y (S part)
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | 36
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | 3
Water use description | 89% of the total water supply sources in B&H comes from the exploitation of groundwater | "water supply 102 l/s 1 fish farm (Volume NA) locations for recreation mills"
Pressure Factors | No data | No data
Quantity Problems | No data | No data
Quality Problems | No data | No data
Transboundary Impacts | N/A | N/A
Management Measures | Need to establish protection zones |
Needs | Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring |
Notes | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved | Possible transboundary aquifer should be considered
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | 0
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | 1

Field Name | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Croatia
Aquifer name | Una/Plesevica | Una/Plesevica
Countries | Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia | Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia
Country Name | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Croatia
Altitude low (m) | N/A | 94
Altitude high (m) | N/A | 150
Topography description | N/A | "mild terrain covered with mixed forest, 150 m asl at Hrvatska Kostajnica, 94 m asl at mouth at Jasenovac "
Water use description | >75% to support ecosystems and fishing, 25-50% of abstraction is for drinking water supply | Dominantly drinking water supply
Pressure Factors | Solid waste disposal | Sewage from communities
Quantity Problems | Polluted water locally drawn into the aquifer | None
Quality Problems | Local but severe nitrogen, heavy metals and pathogens | Nitrogen and pathogens
Transboundary Impacts | Yes, for quality only | Sinkholes in BiH with transboundary effects in Croatia
Management Measures | Many used but need improving, others needed or currently planned | Protection zones exist at Klokot, Privilica, Toplica, Ostrovica and need to be established Koreni?ki Izvor, Stipinovac and Mlinac
Needs | | "Probably at risk Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring "
Notes | | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved.

Field Name | Croatia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Aquifer name | Krka | Krka
Countries | Croatia, B&H | Croatia, B&H
Country Name | Croatia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 1100 | 700
Mean annual Rainfall Description | total annual rainfall: 1,000 | "1,400 mm/y with spring and winter maxima sub Mediterranean climate "
Water use description | Drinking water supply and hydroelectric power | "water supply 1,130 l/s 5HEPP with 635 m3/s installed flow fish farms 9 locations for recreation 2 abstractions of mineral water 10 mills and saw mills "
Pressure Factors | Population in communities and industry | Solid waste disposal
Quantity Problems | None | Reduced springflow and ecosystem degradation
Quality Problems | Occasionally, local and moderate pathogens | Polluted water locally drawn into the aquifer
Transboundary Impacts | Sinkholes in BiH with transboundary effects in Croatia | No data (possibly for quality only)
Management Measures | Need to establish protection zones | Quantity and quality monitoring need to be improved, as do abstraction control, protection zones and wastewater treatment
Needs | "Not at risk but highly vulnerable Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring " | Not at risk
Notes | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved |
Policy Bilateral agreements | 1 | 1
Policy Regional agreements | 1 | 0

Field Name | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Croatia
Aquifer name | Cetina | Cetina
Countries | Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia | Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia
Country Name | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Croatia
Area Population (inh) | N/A | 492
Altitude high (m) | N/A | 385
Topography description | N/A | origin at 385 m asl, mouth at Omis
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 1300 | 1300
Mean annual Rainfall Description | Total annual rainfall: 1,200 | 1,300 mm/y winter and spring maxima
Water use description | 89% of the total water supply sources in B&H comes from the exploitation of groundwater. | "water supply 500 l/s navigation: 33 km irrigation: 5,000 ha quantities NA "
Pressure Factors | Solid waste disposal, wastewater, agriculture, industry | None
Quantity Problems | Widespread but moderate degradation of ecosystems, and polluted water drawn into the aquifer | None
Quality Problems | Local and moderate nitrogen, pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens, organics, hydrocarbons | Local and moderate pathogens
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | Sinkholes in BiH with transboundary effects in Croatia
Management Measures | Quantity and quality monitoring need to be improved, as do abstraction control and protection zones | Existing protection zones used, but needed at Vukovi?a Vrelo
Needs | Need to improve protection of upper catchment, vulnerability mapping planned, and improved wastewater treatment needed | "Not at risk Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters, and monitoring "
Notes | | "Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved Includes the Glamo?ko-Kupre?ko and other Poljes with very large springs Intensive agriculture in the coastal delta region "
Policy Bilateral agreements | 1 | 0
Policy Regional agreements | 1 | 0

19.Neretva right
Field Name | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Croatia
Aquifer name | Neretva right | Neretva right
Countries | Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia | Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia
Country Name | Bosnia & Herzegovina | Croatia
Boundaries Length (km) | N/A | N/A
Area Population (inh) | N/A | 35
Water use description | Dominantly drinking water supply and HEP, some irrigation | "Groundwater: 100% of total water use Support of ecosystems Drinking water < 25% Irrigation < 25% "
Pressure Factors | Agriculture, sanitation, waste disposal and industry | None
Quantity Problems | Widespread but moderate drawing of polluted water into the aquifer, reduced springflow and ecosystem degradation | None
Quality Problems | Nitrogen, pathogens and organic compounds, widely but moderate | Occasionally local and moderate pathogens
Transboundary Impacts | Possibly for quality | Improved connection with sink points in BiH and wells and springs in Croatia
Management Measures | Groundwater quantity monitoring used but needs improvement, as do protection zones and wastewater treatment | Existing protection zones for the Opa?ac and Prud spring systems
Needs | Need to improve protection of upper catchment, vulnerability mapping planned | "Not at risk or probably not at risk Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters monitoring are needed "
Future Trends | | Increased road construction and urbanisation in the Neretva delta, which needs protection of its wetlands, lakes and wildlife
Notes | | Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | 1

20.Trebisnjica/Neretva left
Field Name | Croatia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Aquifer name | Trebisnjica/Neretva left | Trebisnjica/Neretva left
Countries | Croatia, B&H | Croatia, B&H
Country Name | Croatia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Water use description | "Groundwater: 100% of total water use Support of ecosystems and maintaining baseflow and springs. Drinking water < 25% Irrigation < 25% " | HEP and drinking water supply and also to support ecosystems
Pressure Factors | None | Agriculture, sanitation, waste disposal
Quantity Problems | None | Widespread but moderate drawing of polluted water into the aquifer, reduced springflow and ecosystem degradation
Quality Problems | Natural saline intrusion and occasionally microbiologic pollution | Nitrogen and pathogens, widely but moderate
Transboundary Impacts | Improved connection with sink points in BiH and wells and springs in Croatia | Decline of groundwater levels and increased groundwater pollution
Management Measures | Need to establish protection zones | Transboundary agreements and data exchange used, but need improvement, monitoring is needed
Needs | "Probably not at risk Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters and monitoring are needed " | Need to improve protection of upper catchment, vulnerability mapping planned, and improved wastewater treatment needed. Evaluation of the utilisable resource
Future Trends | "Increased development pressures on the Neretva delta " |
Notes | "Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved Supplies Dubrovnik " |

21.Bileko Lake
Field Name | Bosnia & Hertzegovina | Montenegro
Aquifer name | Bileko Lake | Bileko Lake
Countries | Bosnia & Hertzegovina, Montenegro | Bosnia & Hertzegovina, Montenegro
Country Name | Bosnia & Hertzegovina | Montenegro
Area (km^2) | 1 | N/A
Water use description | "Groundwater: 100% of total water use Support of agriculture (directly from shallow water table) and seasonal heatstorage Drinking water >75% Irrigation >75% Industry > 75% Livestock > 75% " | "Groundwater: 100% of total water use Support of agriculture (directly from shallow water table) and seasonal heatstorage Drinking water >75% Irrigation >75% Industry > 75% Livestock > 75% "
Pressure Factors | None |
Quantity Problems | Local, moderate degradation of ecosystems |
Quality Problems | None mentioned |
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality |
Management Measures | Existing groundwater quality monitoring needs improvement, other measures need to be applied |
Notes | |

22.Dinaric litoral west coast
Field Name | Montenegro | Croatia
Aquifer name | Dinaric litoral west coast | Dinaric litoral west coast
Countries | Montenegro, Croatia | Montenegro, Croatia
Country Name | Montenegro | Croatia
Water use description | 25-50% each for drinking water supply and industry, <25% each for irrigation and livestock |
Pressure Factors | Abstraction of groundwater |
Quantity Problems | Widespread and severe saline intrusion at the coast |
Quality Problems | High salinity from the above |
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality |
Management Measures | Existing control of abstraction, efficiency of water use, groundwater monitoring, public awareness, protection zones and agricultural practices need to be improved, other measures need to be introduced |
Notes | | According to existing data, there is not a transboundary groundwater here

23.Dinaric east coast/Skadar/Shkodra lake
Field Name | Albania | Montenegro
Aquifer name | Dinaric east coast/Skadar/Shkodra lake | Dinaric east coast/Skadar/Shkodra lake
Countries | Albania, Montenegro | Albania, Montenegro
Country Name | Albania | Montenegro
Water use description | "Support of agriculture (directly from shallow water table) Drinking water < 25% Irrigation: 25-50% Industry<25% " | 25-50% for drinking water supply, <25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock
Pressure Factors | Industry, waste disposal, sanitation and sewer leakage | Groundwater abstraction
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate degradation of ecosystems around Shkodra Lake | Widespread and severe sea water intrusion at the coast
Quality Problems | Local and moderate pathogens from waste disposal, sanitation and sewer leakage | Widespread and severe increased salinity
Transboundary Impacts | Shkodra Lake is moderately polluted mainly by industrial wastewater and less by sewage effluents | None for quality or quantity
Management Measures | Detailed hydrogeological and groundwater vulnerability mapping, monitoring of groundwater quantity and quality (particularly the large karst springs and those used for public water supply), public awareness campaigns, delineation of protection zones and wastewater treatment are all needed. Investigation of the relationships between karst groundwater and groundwater of the alluvial deposits with Shkodra Lake | Abstraction management, efficient water use, monitoring, protection zones and good agricultural practices used but need improving, wastewater treatment needed
Needs | No significant risk at the moment, but the area around the Shkodra Lake is developing rapidly. Long term measures to protect surface and groundwater are needed |
Future Trends | To increase collaboration, to build transboundary institutions and to create joint programmes for protecting karst and alluvial groundwater, as well as protecting Shkodra Lake and the surrounding wetlands. Improvement of village water supply is needed (and irrigation too) |
Notes | The realization of large planned engineering projects in this area could deeply influence surface and groundwaters. |

24.Beli Drim/Drini Bardhe
Field Name | Serbia | Albania
Aquifer name | Beli Drim/Drini Bardhe | Beli Drim/Drini Bardhe
Countries | Serbia, Albania | Serbia, Albania
Country Name | Serbia | Albania
Water use description | "Support of agriculture (directly from shallow water table) Maintaining baseflow and springs Drinking water < 25% Irrigation: 25-50% Industry<25% Livestock<25% " | 75% for irrigation, <25% each for drinking water and livestock, maintain baseflow
Pressure Factors | Abstraction of groundwater | Waste disposal, sanitation, sewer leakage
Quantity Problems | None | No problems
Quality Problems | Nitrogen, pesticides and pathogens | Local and moderate pathogens
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | None for quantity or quality
Management Measures | Numerous management measures mentioned as needed | Monitoring of groundwater quantity and quality (particularly the big karst springs and those used for public water supply), public awareness campaigns, delineation of protection zones and wastewater treatment are needed, together with detailed hydrogeological and vulnerability mapping
Needs | | Not at risk, the population is small and at the moment the industry is not developed
Future Trends | | Better evaluation of the quantity and quality of groundwater
Notes | Water level decline of 0.3 m/yr reported |

Field Name | Serbia | Montenegro
Aquifer name | Metohija | Metohija
Countries | Serbia, Montenegro | Serbia, Montenegro
Country Name | Serbia | Montenegro
Water use description | "40% of total water use comes from groundwater Drinking water: 25-50% Irrigation, mining and thermal spa <25% " |
Pressure Factors | Agriculture and local small industries |
Quantity Problems | None mentioned |
Quality Problems | Pesticides and industrial organic compounds |
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality |
Management Measures | Several mentioned as needed |

Field Name | Serbia | Montenegro
Aquifer name | Lim | Lim
Countries | Serbia, Montenegro | Serbia, Montenegro
Country Name | Serbia | Montenegro
Water use description | "25-50% for drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, mining and thermal spas " |
Pressure Factors | Waste disposal, mining and industry |
Quantity Problems | None mentioned |
Quality Problems | Local but severe nitrogen, heavy metals, pathogens, industrial organics and hydrocarbons |
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity, yes for quality due to pollution from (or of) Lim River in the upper catchment |
Management Measures | Abstraction management and protection zones used but need to be improved, other measures needed |

27.Tara Massif
Field Name | Serbia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Aquifer name | Tara Massif | Tara Massif
Countries | Serbia, Bosnia & Hertzegovina | Serbia, Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Country Name | Serbia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | 650 | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | "mainly 600-700 mm/y in the higher parts of the region annual precipitation is up to 800-1,000 mm/y the highest precipitation period is from May-July and the lowest from January-March " | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | 247 | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | 207 | N/A
Water use description | Groundwater is mainly used for water supply. | "60% from total water use comes from groundwater Support of agriculture (directly from shallow water table) Drinking water: 50-75% Irrigation,industry and thermal spa <25% "
Pressure Factors | Sanitation and septic tank leakage | Wastewater, mining activity
Quantity Problems | Local and severe degradation of ecosystems, local but moderate drawing of polluted water into the aquifer | Local moderate loading of polluted water into the aquifer
Quality Problems | Pathogens | Bacteriological contamination
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | None
Management Measures | Groundwater abstraction management and quantity monitoring need improvement, other management measures need to be introduced or are currently planned | Protection zones needed for some significant but as yet unused karst springs
Needs | Important to provide protection for National Park |
Notes | | Negligible conditions for nomination as a transboundary groundwater

Field Name | Serbia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Aquifer name | Macva-Semberija | Macva-Semberija
Countries | Serbia, B&H | Serbia,B&H
Country Name | Serbia | Bosnia & Hertzegovina
Topography description | "N and central part of the region - Srem: up to 100 m asl S: up to 750 m asl" | N/A
Water use description | 50-75% drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock, and support of ecosystems | Groundwater is mainly used for municipal and industrial water supply.
Pressure Factors | Agriculture and sanitation, some industry | Agriculture and sanitation
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate increase in pumping lifts, no declines in groundwater levels | Local and moderate increase in pumping lifts, no significant declines in groundwater levels
Quality Problems | Local and moderate nitrogen and pesticides from agriculture, local and moderate heavy metals and organics from industry | Local and moderate nitrogen and pesticides from agriculture
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity, minor for quality | None
Management Measures | Abstraction control, monitoring of groundwater, protection zones and wastewater treatment need improvement, other management measures need to be introduced or are currently planned | Sava Commission, groundwater abstraction regulation and quantity monitoring, protection zones, and good agricultural practices used and effective, water use efficiency, public awareness, wastewater treatment need to be applied

29.Northeast Backa/Danube-Tisza Interfluve
Field Name | Serbia | Hungary
Aquifer name | Northeast Backa/Danube-Tisza Interfluve | Northeast Backa/Danube-Tisza Interfluve
Countries | Serbia, Hungary | Serbia, Hungary
Country Name | Serbia | Hungary
Topography description | mainly up to 100 m asl with some areas 100-200 m asl | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | In the region of Banat and Backa the mean annual precipitation is mainly less than 600 mm. The highest precipitation period is May-July and the lowest is January-March. | Multi-annual average: 500
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | 172 | 122
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | 1.184 | 21
Water use description | >75% drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock | >75% drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock, support of ecosytems
Pressure Factors | Abstraction of groundwater | Abstraction, agriculture, sewers and septic tanks
Quantity Problems | Local and severe increased pumping lifts and reduction in borehole yields, local and moderate land subsidence | Local and moderate increased pumping lifts, reduced borehole yields and baseflow, and degradation of ecosystems
Quality Problems | Widespread and severe naturally occurring arsenic at 10-50 | Widespread and severe naturally occurring arsenic at 10-200
Transboundary Impacts | Insufficient information to know, or possibly for quantity | None
Management Measures | Abstraction management effective, water efficiency, existing monitoring, protection zones, agricultural practices need to be improved, other measures need to be introduced | Groundwater abstraction regulation used and effective, water use efficiency, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones and wsastewater treatment needed, vulnerability mapping, regional flow modelling, good agricultural practices and priorities for wastewater treatment, integration with river basin management, arsenic treatment or import of arsenic free water are needed
Needs | Local declines in groundwater level of 0.5 m/yr, and 0.1 my/r more widely | Joint monitoring (mainly quantitative) and joint modelling is needed
Future Trends | | Evaluation of the utilisable resource
Notes | groundwater abstraction in both countries exceeds recharge |
Policy Regional agreements | 0 | 0

30.Banat, Region of
Field Name | Serbia | Romania
Aquifer name | Banat, Region of | Banat, Region of
Countries | Serbia, Romania | Serbia, Romania
Country Name | Serbia | Romania
Altitude low (m) | 100 | 70
Altitude high (m) | 200 | 250
Water use description | "Drinking water : 50% Irrigation: 20% Industry: 30%" | "50% drinking water, 30% for industry and 20% for irrigation "
Pressure Factors | Sanitation, irrigated agriculture, waste disposal, industry, oilfields | None mentioned
Quantity Problems | "Local, severe increase in pumping lifts and decrease of borehole yields, and declining groundwater levels of 0.5 m/yr locally Some degradation of ecosystems " | Local and moderate increases in pumping lifts
Quality Problems | "Local, moderate, nitrogen, pesticides & pathogens, more widespread heavy metals, and organic pollutants Widespread high natural arsenic concentrations (10-80 ?g/l) " | None mentioned
Transboundary Impacts | Yes, declining groundwater levels and quality | Reported as none for quantity and quality
Management Measures | Monitoring of quantity and quality needs improvement, other measures need to be introduced or are planned | None reported as already in use, a wide range of measures are currently planned

31.Miroc & Golubac
Field Name | Serbia | Romania
Aquifer name | Miroc & Golubac | Miroc & Golubac
Countries | Serbia, Romania | Serbia, Romania
Country Name | Serbia | Romania
Water use description | Drinking water | "25%of total water use comes from groundwater Drinking water <25% Irrigation<25% Industry<25% "
Pressure Factors | Waste disposal and industry |
Quantity Problems | None mentioned |
Quality Problems | Local and moderate nitrogen, pathogens and organics from waste disposal, local but severe heavy metals from industry |
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity, yes for quality |
Management Measures | Protection zones and treatment need improvement, other measures need to be introduced |

32.Dacian Basin
Field Name | Serbia | Romania
Aquifer name | Dacian Basin | Dacian Basin
Countries | Serbia, Romania | Serbia, Romania
Country Name | Serbia | Romania
Water use description | <25% each for drinking water, irrigation and industry | "15%of total water use comes from groundwater Drinking water <25% Irrigation<25% "
Pressure Factors | Waste disposal |
Quality Problems | Local and moderate nitrate, pathogens, hydrocarbons, organics, salinity from waste disposal | Naturally-occurring Fe at 1-4 mg/l and arsenic at up to 500
Management Measures | Protection zones need to be improved, other measures need to be introduced |

Field Name | Serbia | Bulgaria
Aquifer name | Timok | Timok
Countries | Serbia, Bulgaria | Serbia, Bulgaria
Country Name | Serbia | Bulgaria
Water use description | "(Important aquifer for water supply) Drinking, irrigation and agriculture " | "50%of total water use comes from groundwater Support of agriculture(directly from shallow water table) Drinking water = 25-50% Irrigation <25%,industry<25%, thermal spa<25% ,livestock <25%"
Pressure Factors | Mining and waste disposal |
Quality Problems | Widespread and severe heavy metals and industrial organic compounds from mining, local pathogens and organics from waste disposal |
Transboundary Impacts | None |
Management Measures | Monitoring, protection zones and waste water treatment need to be improved, other management methods need to be introduced |

34.Stara Planina/Salasha Montana
Field Name | Serbia | Bulgaria
Aquifer name | Stara Planina/Salasha Montana | Stara Planina/Salasha Montana
Countries | Serbia, Bulgaria | Serbia, Bulgaria
Country Name | Serbia | Bulgaria
Water use description | 25-50% drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, industry, thermal spa and livestock |
Pressure Factors | Waste disposal and industry |
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate reduction in baseflow and degradation of ecosystems, with polluted water drawn into aquifer |
Quality Problems | Local and moderate nitrogen and pathogens from waste disposal, more severe heavy metals from industry and organic pollutants from waste disposal |
Transboundary Impacts | Not for quantity or quality |
Management Measures | Abstraction management, protection zones and treatment of industrial effluents need improvement, other measures need to be introduced or are currently planned |

35.Nishava and Tran/Vidlic
Field Name | Serbia | Bulgaria
Aquifer name | Nishava and Tran/Vidlic | Nishava and Tran/Vidlic
Countries | Serbia, Bulgaria | Serbia, Bulgaria
Country Name | Serbia | Bulgaria
Water use description | 50-75% drinking water, <25% each for industry and livestock, and support of ecosytems | Drinking water and irrigation
Pressure Factors | Agriculture |
Quality Problems | Local but severe pathogens from farming |
Management Measures | Many management measures need to be applied |

Field Name | Bulgaria | Serbia
Aquifer name | Zemen | Zemen
Countries | Bulgaria, Serbia | Bulgaria, Serbia
Country Name | Bulgaria | Serbia
Water use description | | Only surface water from the confluence of the Strymen river
Pressure Factors | | Shortage of water
Quantity Problems | | Difficulty of meeting water supply demands
Quality Problems | | Local and moderate nitrogen and pathogens from waste disposal
Transboundary Impacts | | None for quantity or quality
Management Measures | | Abstraction management needed
Needs | | Bringing water supply from outside the aquifer
Notes | | Catchment of the River Struma

37.FYROM-SW Serbia
Field Name | FYROM | Serbia
Aquifer name | FYROM-SW Serbia | FYROM-SW Serbia
Countries | FYROM, Serbia | FYROM, Serbia
Country Name | FYROM | Serbia
Water use description | Water for drinking, little irrigation and mining | 50% for drinking water supply, 50% for agriculture
Pressure Factors | Local leakage of groundwater from wells and groundwater from springs | Agriculture
Quantity Problems | Local reduction of boreholes yields and spring discharges | None
Quality Problems | Local from agriculture | Local
Transboundary Impacts | Only for quantity of groundwater | None for quantity, local for quality
Management Measures | Monitoring of quantity and quality, protection zones, hydrogeological mapping, good agricultural practices, exchange of data between countries are used, other measures need to be applied or are planned. | Abstraction management used, other measures planned, such as monitoring
Needs | | Water supply only from
Notes | After definition of the border between the two counties, all data must be defined and data must be exchanged |

38.FYROM-Central Serbia
Field Name | FYROM | Serbia
Aquifer name | FYROM-Central Serbia | FYROM-Central Serbia
Countries | FYROM, Serbia | FYROM, Serbia
Country Name | FYROM | Serbia
Water use description | Water for drinking, little irrigation and mining | More than 50% surface water
Pressure Factors | Local leakage of groundwater from wells and groundwater from springs | Waste disposal and industry
Quantity Problems | Local reduction of boreholes yields and spring discharges | Local reduction of baseflow in summer periods
Quality Problems | Local from agriculture | Moderate pollution drawn in to the aquifer system
Transboundary Impacts | Only for quantity of groundwater | None
Management Measures | Monitoring of quantity and quality, protection zones, hydrogeological mapping, good agricultural practice, exchange of data between countries are used, other measures need to be applied or are planned. | No management measures in place
Notes | After definition of the border between the two counties, all data must be defined and data must be exchanged |

Field Name | FYROM | Serbia
Aquifer name | Tetovo-Gostivar | Tetovo-Gostivar
Countries | FYROM, Serbia | FYROM, Serbia
Country Name | FYROM | Serbia
Water use description | Drinking water, irrigation, mining and industry | 50% drinking water, 50% support of ecosystems
Pressure Factors | Local leakage of groundwater from wells and groundwater from springs | Agriculture
Quantity Problems | Reduction of groundwater level in boreholes and discharges of springs | None
Quality Problems | None for quality | Local only from farming
Transboundary Impacts | Only for quantity of groundwater | None
Management Measures | | No management measures introduced
Notes | After definition of the border between the two countries, all data must be defined and data must be exchanged |

40.Korab/Bistra - Stogovo
Field Name | FYROM | Albania
Aquifer name | Korab/Bistra - Stogovo | Korab/Bistra - Stogovo
Countries | FYROM, Albania | FYROM, Albania
Country Name | FYROM | Albania
Water use description | Drinking water, irrigation, mining | 25-50 % for thermal spa, < 25 % each for drinking, irrigation and livestock
Pressure Factors | Groundwater abstraction, agriculture | Waste disposal, sanitation and sewer leakage
Quantity Problems | Local reduction of discharge from springs | No problems
Quality Problems | None for quality | Pathogens from waste disposal, sanitation and sewer leakage
Transboundary Impacts | Only for quantity | None for quality and quantity
Management Measures | Quantity and quality monitoring need to be improved, protection zones and all water activities, transboundary agreements and data exchange used, but need improvement | Detailed hydrogeological mapping and vulnerability mapping, public awareness campaigns, delineation of protection zones and wastewater treatment are all needed. To increase the collaboration, to build up transboundary institutions and to create a joint programme for quantity and quality monitoring of the sulphur thermo-mineral springs issuing in both countries.
Needs | | "Not at risk at the moment Intensification of use of sulphur thermo-mineral groundwater by deep boreholes "
Future Trends | | Delineation the protection zones of the sulphur thermo-mineral springs and to improve the capture structures.
Notes | | Comparative study of the thermo-mineral springs of Albania and FYROM is needed. There are large fresh water karst springs issuing at high elevations

Field Name | FYROM | Albania
Aquifer name | Jablanica/Golobordo | Jablanica/Golobordo
Countries | FYROM, Albania | FYROM, Albania
Country Name | FYROM | Albania
Water use description | Drinking water supply, thermal water and industry, also HEP | 25-50% for irrigation, <25% each for drinking water and industry
Pressure Factors | Sanitation and sewer leakage | Modest pressures from waste disposal, sanitation and sewer leakage
Quantity Problems | Local reduction of groundwater yields from wells and discharges from springs | Local and moderate polluted water drawn into aquifer
Quality Problems | None mentioned | Local and moderate pathogens from waste disposal
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity and quality | None for quantity or quality
Management Measures | Monitoring of quantity and quality, protection zones, hydrogeological mapping, good agricultural practices, exchange of data between countries, other measures, need to be applied or are planned | No management measures in place, many need to be introduced, detailed hydrogeological and vulnerability mapping, groundwater monitoring, public awareness, delineation of protection zones and wastewater treatment are all needed
Needs | | Not at risk at the moment, the population is small and the industry is not developed
Future Trends | | The use of a large karst spring for the production of the electricity by Electric Power Station is planned
Notes | | Surface karst phenomena are very well developed on Klenja plateau

42.Ohrid Lake
Field Name | FYROM | Albania
Aquifer name | Ohrid Lake | Ohrid Lake
Countries | FYROM, Albania | FYROM, Albania
Country Name | FYROM | Albania
Aquifer Type | |
Mean annual Rainfall Description | "annual volume of precipitation is 30 m3/s. annual average precipitation that falls over the surface of the carbonatic massif (442 km2) is 2,200 mm/vit discharge is 16m3/s, which makes up only 65% of the water value that drains from the massif " | The annual rainfall is between 1,300 and 1,700 mm with 80% of the rainfall occurring between October and April. Snowfall, a significant parameter in the area, is included.
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | 1 | 2
Water use description | | The water is used for drinking, irrigation and hydropower of Bistrica.
Pressure Factors | |
Quantity Problems | |
Quality Problems | |
Transboundary Impacts | |
Management Measures | |

Field Name | Albania | Greece
Aquifer name | Vjosa-Pogoni/Nemechka | Vjosa-Pogoni/Nemechka
Countries | Albania, Greece | Albania, Greece
Country Name | Albania | Greece
Altitude low (m) | 150 | 400
Altitude high (m) | 1 | 2
Topography description | The highest point is 1,589m and the lowest point is 150m (Bistrica source). | The morphology of the area is characterised by the intensive relief with very big slopes and deep gorges (Drinou, Gormou, Aoou). The altitude ranges between 400 m (river bed of Kalama and Aoou) and 2,550 m (peaks of Mount Nemertsika).
Mean annual Rainfall Description | "annual average rainfall is about 1,244-1,640 mm ca. 75% of the annual rainfall is distributed between October and March " | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | 1 | 10
Water use description | 25-50% irrigation, <25% each for drinking water, livestock and industry, maintaining baseflow and springs and supporting ecosystems | Water supply with minor irrigation and fish farming, support of ecosystems
Pressure Factors | Minor waste disposal and sewer leakage | Minimal due to very small population
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate degradation of ecosystems | None
Quality Problems | Local and moderate pathogens | Some high natural concentrations of metals
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | None for quantity or quality
Management Measures | None already used, but a range of measures need to be applied, detailed hydrogeological and vulnerability mapping, groundwater monitoring, public awareness, delineation of protection zones and wastewater treatment | Existing abstraction control and monitoring need improvement, other measures need to be applied or are planned
Needs | No risk at the moment, the population is small and industry is not developed |
Notes | Large karst groundwater quantities (average about 8 m3/s) discharge in the Vjosa River gorge in Albanian territory. There are also other large karst springs, the Glina sulphate spring is a well known bottled karst spring | Large spring discharges of Kalama, Gormou and Drinou

44.Mourgana Mountain/Mali Gjere
Field Name | Greece | Albania
Aquifer name | Mourgana Mountain/Mali Gjere | Mourgana Mountain/Mali Gjere
Countries | Albania, Greece | Albania, Greece
Country Name | Greece | Albania
Topography description | The topographic relief of the area is mountainous with big slopes and altitudes between 300-1800 m (Mourganas peak). | N/A
Water use description | No major water uses due to small population, some local livestock, minor irrigation and fish farming from springs | Provides 100% of drinking water supply and spa use, and >75% for irrigation, industry and livestock
Pressure Factors | None, low population in mountain area | Minor from waste disposal and sewer leakage
Quantity Problems | None | Some local and moderate drawing of polluted water into the aquifer. No declines in groundwater level
Quality Problems | None | Widespread but moderate salinisation
Transboundary Impacts | Neither for quantity or quality | None
Management Measures | Existing abstraction control and monitoring need to be improved, other management measures are needed or planned | No measures employed, those needed include detailed hydrogeological and groundwater vulnerability mapping, public awareness, delineation of protection zones and wastewater treatment. Also to increase collaboration, to build up transboundary institutions and to create a joint basin wide programme for quantity and quality monitoring
Needs | | Small risk at the moment, but with increasing tendency because the area is rapidly developing, both industrial and agricultural
Future Trends | | Increased use of groundwater in alluvial deposits
Notes | | According to a preliminary proposal, about 4.5 m3/s of water from Blue Eye spring will be exported to Puglia - Italy through an undersea water supply pipeline.

45.Prespes and Ohrid Lakes
Field Name | Greece | Albania | FYROM
id | 91 | 92 | 93
set | 1 | 1 | 1
Aquifer ID | 45 | 45 | 45
Aquifer name | Prespes and Ohrid Lakes | Prespes and Ohrid Lakes | Prespes and Ohrid Lakes
Countries | Greece, Albania, FYR of Macedonia | Greece, Albania, FYR of Macedonia | Greece, Albania, FYR of Macedonia
Country Name | Greece | Albania | FYROM
Aquifer Type | Karst | Karst | Karst
Boundaries Length (km) | 40 | 41 | 52
Area Population (inh) | 2 | N/A | N/A
Altitude low (m) | 850 | N/A | N/A
Altitude high (m) | 1 | 1 | N/A
Topography description | maximum and minimum altitude vary between 1,300 and 850 m. | "mountainous 1,650 m " | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | 720 | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | annual average rainfall: 720 mm | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Water use Urban | 1 | 1 | 1
Water use Irrigation | 1 | 1 | 0
Water use Industrial | 0 | 1 | 1
Water use description | Irrigation, water supply (no figures given) and support of ecosystems | 25-50% for irrigation and <25% each for drinking water and industry industry, support for baseflow and ecosystems | Drinking water, industry and ecosystems
Pressure Factors | | Minor sanitation and sewer leakage | Minor sanitation
Quantity Problems | "None significant " | Widespread but moderate degradation of ecosystems, and polluted water drawn into aquifer | Local and moderate reduction of groundwater level, yields of wells and discharges of springs
Quality Problems | None significant | Local and moderate nitrogen and pathogens in both groundwater and lakes, but the trend is increasing | None mentioned
Transboundary Impacts | | A slight increase in the phosphorus in Lake Ohrid | None mentioned
Management Measures | Abstraction management, monitoring, public awareness and data exchange need improvement, other measures need introducing or are planned | No management measures in place, many need to be introduced:- transboundary institutions, water use efficiency, monitoring of groundwater and lakes, protection zones, vulnerability mapping, priorities for wastewater treatment, integration with Prespa and Ohrid lakes basin management | Monitoring of groundwater, must be improved with agreements, data exchange, hydrogeological databases, planned together
Needs | | Small risk at the moment. Increasing risk of contamination of karst water and of the lakes in the future by the increasing population and tourism |
Future Trends | | Increasing groundwater use by the growing population and intensive development of tourism. Increasing collaboration of all three countries to protect groundwater and surface water resources in a basin-wide way |
Notes | Monitoring is important in relation to the ecosystems supported by Prespa Lake | Ohrid lake is intensively recharged from Prespa Lake through the Mali Thate-Galicica karst massive. Large karst springs with average discharge about 10 m3/s issue near the Albanian-FYROM border at the edge of Lake Ohrid |
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | 1 | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | 1 | N/A

Field Name | Albania | Greece
Aquifer name | Galicia | Galicia
Countries | Albania, Greece | Albania, Greece
Country Name | Albania | Greece
Topography description | The Galicica Mountain is located between Prespa and Ohrid Lakes. | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | 690 mm | Mean annual precipitation varies between 400 and 690 mm.
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | 4 | 0
Water use description | | "bottling of naturally sparkling mineral water local water supply agriculture "
Pressure Factors | |
Quantity Problems | |
Quality Problems | |
Management Measures | |

Field Name | FYR Macedonia | Greece
Aquifer name | Pelagonia/Florina/Bitolsko | Pelagonia/Florina/Bitolsko
Countries | Greece, FYR Macedonia | Greece, FYR Macedonia
Country Name | FYR Macedonia | Greece
Altitude low (m) | N/A | 800
Topography description | "flat terrain, Pelagonia Valley " | "maximum and minimum altitudes vary from 2,500 m to 800 m. The land surface of the region is covered by sedimentary sequences "
Mean annual Rainfall Description | 600 mm | Mean annual precipitation varies between 400 and 690 mm.
Water use description | Drinking water supply, support of ecosystems and agriculture and maintaining baseflow and springs | "Water supply and irrigation "
Pressure Factors | Groundwater abstraction | Agriculture, coal mining
Quantity Problems | Widespread and severe increase of pumping lifts, degradation of ecosystems and drawing of polluted water into aquifer, widespread but moderate reduction of borehole yields, local but severe reduction in baseflow and spring flow | None
Quality Problems | Salinization, nitrogen, pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens, industrial organic compounds and hydrocarbons | Nitrate, heavy metals
Management Measures | "Increasing efficiency of groundwater use, monitoring of quantity and quality, public awareness, protection zones, vulnerability mapping, good agricultural practices, exchange of data between countries and treatment of industrial effluents need to be improved, other measures need to be applied or are planned " | Existing abstraction controls, water use efficiency, monitoring and wastewater treatment need to be improved, other measures are mentioned as needed or currently planned

Field Name | FYROM | Greece
Aquifer name | Gevgelija | Gevgelija
Countries | FYR of Macedonia, Greece | FYR of Macedonia, Greece
Country Name | FYROM | Greece
Topography description | alluvium in the narrowing Vardar /Axios Valley between the Kozuf and Pajak Mountains in the W and the Krusa Mountain in the E | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | Average annual rainfall: 630 mm | Mean annual precipitation 616 mm
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | N/A | 8
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | 2 | 9
Water use description | Maintaining baseflow and springs and support of ecosystems | "agriculture, local water hypo-thermal water "
Pressure Factors | Abstraction of groundwater, agriculture |
Quantity Problems | Extensive and severe increases in pumping lifts, reduction in borehole yields, degradation of ecosystems and drawing in of polluted water, local and severe reduction of baseflow and springflow |
Quality Problems | "Salinization of natural origins and Nitrogen, pesticides, heavy metals, pathogens, industrial organics and hydrocarbons " |
Transboundary Impacts | Observed both decline of groundwater levels and increased groundwater pollution |
Management Measures | Existing efficiency of groundwater use, monitoring of quantity and quality, public awareness, protection zones, vulnerability mapping, agricultural practice, data exchange and treatment need improvement, other measures need to be applied or are planned |

49.Dojran Lake
Field Name | FYR Macedonia | Greece
Aquifer name | Dojran Lake | Dojran Lake
Countries | FYR Macedonia, Greece | FYR Macedonia, Greece
Country Name | FYR Macedonia | Greece
Topography description | Lake Dojran is located in the lowest part of the depression with the Belasica Mountain in the N and the Crusa Mountain in the SE. The altitude of the lake is 142 m asl. | Maximum and minimum altitudes vary between 1,874 and 138 m.
Water use description | Irrigation and water supply | Maintaining baseflow and springs and support of ecosystems and support of agriculture
Pressure Factors | | Groundwater abstraction for irrigation
Quantity Problems | Declining groundwater levels, reduction of water from the lake, degradation of associated ecosystems | Widespread but moderate reduction in borehole yields, baseflow and degradation of ecosystems, the lake volume and area has declined drastically
Quality Problems | None | Heavy metals
Transboundary Impacts | For quantity only |
Management Measures | Existing efficiency of groundwater and lake water use, monitoring of quantity and quality of the lake, level of the lake, wells on both sides, public awareness, protection zones, vulnerability mapping, data exchange and treatment need improvement or are planned measures. | Existing groundwater abstraction control, monitoring of groundwater quantity and quality, data exhange and wastewater treatment need to be improved, other management measures are needed or currently planned
Needs | Serious decline in lake level and area, groundwater abstraction to help recover lake levels has been tried |

50.Sandansky Petrich
Field Name | Bulgaria | Greece | FYROM
set | 1 | 1 | 1
Aquifer ID | 50 | 50 | 50
Aquifer name | Sandansky Petrich | Sandansky Petrich | Sandansky Petrich
Countries | Bulgaria, Greece, FYR of Macedonia | Bulgaria, Greece, FYR of Macedonia | Bulgaria, Greece, FYR of Macedonia
Country Name | Bulgaria | Greece | FYROM
Aquifer Type | Alluvial | Alluvial | Alluvial
Boundaries Length (km) | 18 | 18 | 18
Area Population (inh) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Altitude low (m) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Altitude high (m) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Topography description | N/A | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | N/A | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | N/A | N/A | 1
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Water use Urban | 0 | 0 | 1
Water use Irrigation | 0 | 0 | 1
Water use Industrial | 0 | 0 | 1
Water use description | | | Drinking water, irrigation and industry, thermal springs, agriculture
Pressure Factors | | |
Quantity Problems | | | None mentioned
Quality Problems | | |
Transboundary Impacts | | |
Management Measures | | | Protection zones need to be improved, monitoring systems, exchange of data and other measures need to be introduced
Needs | | |
Future Trends | | |
Notes | | |
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | N/A | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | N/A | N/A

51.Goltze Delchev / Orvilos- Agistros
Field Name | Bulgaria | Greece
Aquifer name | Goltze Delchev / Orvilos- Agistros | Goltze Delchev / Orvilos- Agistros
Countries | Bulgaria, Greece | Bulgaria, Greece
Country Name | Bulgaria | Greece
Topography description | N/A | The area is highland with bold relief and a height of between 350m and 2,200m.
Water use description | | No direct uses
Pressure Factors | | None mentioned
Quantity Problems | | None
Quality Problems | | None
Transboundary Impacts | | None
Management Measures | | Existing groundwater abstraction regulation and monitoring of groundwater quantity need to be improved, other management measures are needed or planned

Field Name | Bulgaria | Greece
Aquifer name | Nastan-Trigrad | Nastan-Trigrad
Countries | Bulgaria, Greece | Bulgaria, Greece
Country Name | Bulgaria | Greece
Boundaries Length (km) | 6 | N/A
Water use description | |
Pressure Factors | |
Quantity Problems | |
Quality Problems | |
Management Measures | |

Field Name | Bulgaria | Greece
Aquifer name | Smolyan | Smolyan
Countries | Bulgaria, Greece | Bulgaria, Greece
Country Name | Bulgaria | Greece
Boundaries Length (km) | 4 | N/A
Water use description | |

Aquifer name | Rudozem | Rudozem
Aquifer Type | |
Boundaries Length (km) | 34 | N/A
Water use description | |

55.Erma Reka
Aquifer name | Erma Reka | Erma Reka
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | 641
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | "
Water use description | | Many tube and shaft wells are available for drinking water supply, irrigation and industrial supply.

56.Svilengrad Stambolo/Orestiada
Field Name | Bulgaria | Greece | Turkey
set | 1 | 1 | 1
Aquifer ID | 56 | 56 | 56
Aquifer name | Svilengrad Stambolo/Orestiada | Svilengrad Stambolo/Orestiada | Svilengrad Stambolo/Orestiada
Countries | Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey | Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey | Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey
Country Name | Bulgaria | Greece | Turkey
Aquifer Type | | |
Boundaries Length (km) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Area Population (inh) | N/A | 45 | N/A
Altitude low (m) | N/A | 25 | N/A
Altitude high (m) | N/A | 200 | N/A
Topography description | N/A | Mild topographic relief, with altitude from 25 to 200m. | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | N/A | N/A
Discharge flow (m^3/s) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | N/A | N/A | N/A
Annual groundwater abstractions (Mm^3/y) | N/A | 27 | N/A
Water use Urban | 1 | 1 | 1
Water use Irrigation | 1 | 1 | 1
Water use Industrial | 0 | 0 | 1
Water use description | More than 90% of abstractions is used for irrigation and the rest for water supply. | "90% for irrigation and 10% for drinking water supply, maintaining baseflow and springs and support of ecosystems " | publish-urban, industrial and agricultural
Pressure Factors | | Agriculture |
Quantity Problems | | Although abstraction is reported to greatly exceed recharge, no problems were mentioned |
Quality Problems | | Nitrogen and pesticides from agriculture |
Transboundary Impacts | | Observed decline in groundwater levels and pollution |
Management Measures | | Existing groundwater abstraction regulation, monitoring of groundwater quantity and quality and effluent reuse and treatment need to be improved, other measures need to be applied or are planned |
Needs | | |
Future Trends | | |
Notes | | |
Policy Bilateral agreements | N/A | 0 | N/A
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | 1 | N/A

Field Name | Turkey | Greece
Aquifer name | Evros/Meric | Evros/Meric
Countries | Turkey, Greece | Turkey, Greece
Country Name | Turkey | Greece
Aquifer Type | |

58.Topolovgrad Massif
Field Name | Bulgaria | Turkey
Aquifer name | Topolovgrad Massif | Topolovgrad Massif
Countries | Bulgaria, Turkey | Bulgaria, Turkey
Country Name | Bulgaria | Turkey
Water use description | "25 |
Quality Problems | Nitrate in NE part |
Management Measures | Existing groundwater abstraction by regulation needs to be improved, several other measures mentioned as needing to be applied or currently planned, including monitoring of quality and quantity |

59.Malko Tarnovo Massif
Field Name | Turkey | Bulgaria
Aquifer name | Malko Tarnovo Massif | Malko Tarnovo Massif
Countries | Turkey, Bulgaria | Turkey, Bulgaria
Country Name | Turkey | Bulgaria
Topography description | "plateau, 75 m asl " | N/A
Water use description | | "Drinking water = 45% Irrigation = 35% Industry = 20%"

60.Pleistocene Some?/Szamos alluvial fan
Field Name | Romania | Hungary
Aquifer name | Pleistocene Some?/Szamos alluvial fan | Pleistocene Some?/Szamos alluvial fan
Countries | Romania, Hungary | Romania, Hungary
Country Name | Romania | Hungary
Water use description | Upper, 40% industry, 30% each irrigation and drinking water, lower, 75% for drinking water supply and 25 % for industry, minor agricultural use | >75% drinking water supply, less than 10% each for irrigation, industry and livestock, maintaining baseflow and support of ecosystems
Pressure Factors | | Agriculture, sewers and septic tanks
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate increased pumping lifts and small drawdowns only around two major catchments | Local and moderate increases in pumping lifts, reduction in borehole yield, reduced spring flow and degradation of ecosystems
Quality Problems | None mentioned | Widespread but moderate nitrate, up to 200 mg/l, local and moderate pesticides up to 0.1 ?g/l and widespread but moderate arsenic at up to 50 ?g/l
Management Measures | Vulnerability mapping for land use planning needs to be applied, and a range of other measures are currently planned | Groundwater abstraction control by regulation effective, control by financial mechanisms, water use efficiency, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones, wastewater treatment, data exchange and arsenic removal all need improvement, vulnerability mapping and improved agricultural practices, integration into river basin management are needed
Needs | | Evaluation of the utilisable resources, quality status
Future Trends | | Joint monitoring (mainly quantitative) is needed and the existing joint modelling should be updated

61.Pleistocene Mure?/Maros alluvial fan
Field Name | Romania | Hungary
Aquifer name | Pleistocene Mure?/Maros alluvial fan | Pleistocene Mure?/Maros alluvial fan
Countries | Romania, Hungary | Romania, Hungary
Country Name | Romania | Hungary
Water use description | 75 % for drinking water supply, 15% for industry and 10 % for irrigation (shallow), 45%, 35% and 20% respoectively for the confined aquifer | >75% drinking water, <25% each for irrigation, industry and livestock, support of agriculture and ecosystems
Pressure Factors | Groundwater abstraction | Groundwater abstraction, agriculture, septic tanks
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate increased pumping lifts and local small drawdowns only around two important catchments | Local and moderate increase in pumping lifts, reduction in yields and reduced baseflow, local but severe degradation of ecosystems
Quality Problems | None mentioned | Widespread but moderate nitrate at up to 200 mg/l, local and moderate pesticides at up to 0.1
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | No
Management Measures | Vulnerability mapping for land use planning needs to be applied , range of other measures currently planned | Groundwater abstraction by regulation is already used and effective, transboundary agreements, improved efficiency, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones and wastewater treatment and arsenic removal need improvement, vulnerability mapping, good agricultural practices and priorities for wastewater treatment, integration with river basin management need to be applied
Needs | | Evaluation of the utilisable resources, quality status, joint monitoring (mainly quantitative) and joint modelling is needed
Future Trends | | Water importation because of arsenic may be required

62.Lower Pleistocene somes alluvial fan
Field Name | Romania | Hungary
Aquifer name | Lower Pleistocene somes alluvial fan | Lower Pleistocene somes alluvial fan
Countries | Romania, Hungary | Romania, Hungary
Country Name | Romania | Hungary
Mean annual Rainfall Description | 500-600 | N/A
Water use description | | "Drinking water = 75% Irrigation = 10% Industry = 15%"

63.Middle Sarmatian Pontian
Field Name | Romania | Moldova Repblic
Aquifer name | Middle Sarmantian Pontian | Middle Sarmatian Pontian
Countries | Romania, Moldova Republic | Romania, Moldova Republic
Country Name | Romania | Moldova Repblic
Topography description | "plateau 220- 525 m asl " | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall (mm) | N/A | 450
Mean annual Rainfall Description | N/A | 400-500 mm
Water use description | "50 % dinking water supply, 25 % industry and 15% irrigation, minor spa " |
Pressure Factors | None mentioned |
Quality Problems | Local, moderate to severe salinity |
Management Measures | Transboundary institutions already used and effective for this groundwater, other management measures need to be applied or are currently planned |
Policy Regional agreements | N/A | 0

Field Name | Bulgaria | Romania
Aquifer name | Neogene-Sarmatian | Neogene-Sarmatian
Countries | Bulgaria, Romania | Bulgaria, Romania
Country Name | Bulgaria | Romania
Topography description | "plateau 75 m asl " | N/A
Mean annual Rainfall Description | 400-600 mm | N/A
Annual groundwater resources (Mm^3/y) | 1.677 | N/A
Water use description | 25 | 50 % drinking water supply, 30 % irrigation and 20% for industry
Pressure Factors | Agriculture | None mentioned
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate reduction of borehole yields | None mentioned
Quality Problems | Local and moderate concentrations (10 | None reported
Transboundary Impacts | None for quantity or quality | No
Management Measures | Control of abstraction used and effective, transboundary agreements, monitoring, protection zones, vulnerability mapping, effluent treatment used but need improvement, other measures needed or currently planned | None reported as already in use, a range of measures are currently planned
Notes | Groundwater provides about 30 % of total water use |

65.Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
Field Name | Romania | Bulgaria
Aquifer name | Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous | Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous
Countries | Romania, Bulgaria | Romania, Bulgaria
Country Name | Romania | Bulgaria
Topography description | "plateau 17- 250 m asl " | N/A
Water use description | 70 % for drinking water supply, 15% each for irrigation and industry | 25-50% for drinking water supply, <25 % for irrigation
Pressure Factors | | Agriculture
Quantity Problems | Local and moderate increased pumping lifts | Local but severe increased pumping lifts
Quality Problems | None mentioned | Local and moderate concentrations (30
Transboundary Impacts | None | None for quantity or quality
Management Measures | No management measures reported as being in use, a range of measures is currently planned | Groundwater abstraction regulation already used and effective, transboundary institutions, monitoring of groundwater quantity and quality, protection zones, vulnerability mapping, good agricultural practices and wastewater and effluent treatment used but need improvement, exchange of data is needed